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All about bees

Learn about different bee species--
is it a friend or foe?  

Western Honeybee

Apis mellifera

Are they pollinators?

Yes. Honeybees pollinate a wide range of plants, including important agricultural crops like almonds, although they're often less efficient than native bees.


Do they sting?

They can sting, but rarely do unless you handle them or get too close to their colony.

These bees, which were imported to North America to pollinate agricultural crops, are easy to distinguish from native bees by their coloring, which is golden brown with black abdominal stripes. The honeybees you'll see are female workers. Look closely at them, and if they've been visiting flowers you will notice yellow pollen on their legs. Even if you don't think you have a beekeeper in your neighborhood you may still see honeybees. They will fly 3 miles or more from their hive to find what they need. 

On the rare chance a honeybee might sting you, she can only do it once. That's because honeybees have a barbed stinger that is attached to their abdomen and digestive tract. Consequently, when the bee pulls away after stinging, her stinger remains with the victim

Common Eastern Bumblebee

Bombus impatiens

BombusBimaculatusBumbleBee.jpg.838x0_q80

Photo: USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab [public domain]/Flickr

Are they pollinators?

Yes. Bumblebees pollinate a wide range of native wildflowers, and they're also important pollinators of certain agricultural crops, including tomatoes.


Do they sting?

They can sting, but rarely do unless you handle them or get too close to their nest.

These bees are a little larger than honeybees and have a black body covered with dense yellow and black hair. 

Bumblebees get their name from the noise they create inside a flower. They make the noise by moving around so quickly they sonicate the pollen off the flower and onto the hairs on their body. Like the honeybee, the bumblebees you see are female workers who groom the pollen back and into pollen baskets on their legs. They live in colonies, residing in nests they build in the ground, often in abandoned mammal holes. Bumblebees are not likely to sting you; remember these bees are looking for pollen, not for you!

Carpenter Bees

Xylocopa

Are they pollinators?

Yes. "Some people consider carpenter bees pests because they drill holes or nest in wooden structures. However, their contribution to pollination far outweighs any damage to structures," according to the University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources.


Do they sting?

Females can sting in defense, but rarely do. Males appear a little more aggressive and territorial, but cannot sting.

Carpenter bees are large bees with a black body with dense yellow and black hairs on their head and thorax and a bald abdomen. If you've ever had a large bee swoop down and hover in front of your face, it was probably a carpenter bee. Your first thought when this happens may be that you're under attack, but you're not. It's just being territorial. Carpenter bees, like honeybees and bumblebees, have pollen baskets on their legs. Carpenter bees are also known as wood bees, and they don't have a great reputation. That's because they are the ones (the female workers, again) that bore into wood and make a neat and clean hole. The presence of sawdust on sills or stoops is an indication you should look for a hole, which is the female's reproductive nest. Carpenter bees also have a reputation of being "robber bees". They chew into the side of flowers when they can't fit in the middle and drink the nectar out of a hole in the side. When this happens, they aren't pollinating the flower; they are "stealing" the nectar without providing the natural benefit. On larger flowers, however, they are excellent pollinators.

Mason Bees

Osmia

Are they pollinators?

Yes. Mason bees are generalists that visit a variety of flowers, often focusing on those nearest to their nest. The blue orchard mason bee is a productive pollinator of spring-flowering fruit and nut trees.


Do they sting?

Male mason bees can't sting. Females technically can, but they're even more docile than honeybees, stinging people only when they're handled roughly or trapped under clothing.

These are small, fast-flying bees that have metallic colors including blue, dull green and black. They are most active in the spring and get their name from their habit of using mud to close nest cavities. In nature, they look for a hollowed-out stem or a twig. They also will readily come to bee hotels where environmentally conscious gardeners have pre-drilled holes for them. They do not have pollen baskets on their legs. Instead, they carry pollen in hairs on the underside of their abdomens.

Leafcutter Bee

Megachile

Are they pollinators?

Yes. Leafcutter bees are important pollinators of many wildflowers, as well as some fruits and vegetables. They're used by commercial growers to pollinate crops including alfalfa, blueberries, carrots and onions.


Do they sting?

They can sting, but these solitary bees do not aggressively defend their nests. They only sting when handled, according to the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.

Leafcutter bees are black with white hairs covering the thorax and the bottom of the abdomen, and many species have large heads with massive jaws to aid in cutting off pieces of leaves to seal their nests. Also like mason bees, they carry pollen on their abdomens and are very fast flyers.

Blueberry Bee

Habropoda laboriosa

Are they pollinators?

Yes. Aside from their namesake berry, Southeastern blueberry bees also pollinate other plants that flower in early spring — including Carolina jessamine, oaks and redbuds.


Do they sting?

Like many solitary bees, they tend to sting only when someone accidentally crushes them.

Blueberry bees are small like honeybees but have a similar color and pattern as a bumblebee. They get their name because they've evolved with native blueberries, and their bodies have become a perfect fit for bell-shaped blueberry flowers. While they're excellent pollinators for blueberries, they also pollinate other plants. Blueberry bees nest in the ground, especially near blueberry plants once they find them.

Squash Bee

Peponapis and Xenoglossa

Are they pollinators?

Yes. Squash bees gather pollen exclusively from plants in the genus Cucurbita, according to North Carolina State Extension, which notes that "squash bees alone may pollinate around two-thirds of the commercially grown squash in the United States." They are also regular visitors to home vegetable gardens.


Do they sting?

Squash bees are not aggressive and very rarely sting humans.

Squash bees are similar to Blueberry bees in size and because they are specialists of pollinating particular flowers-- those in the family Cucurbita, which includes squash, zucchini, pumpkins and many gourds. These bees typically fly early at dawn and later at dusk to pollinate squash and melon flowers, which means they are rarely a nuisance to humans. The head and thorax of squash bees range in color from black or tan to orange. The thorax is hairy and black with banded abdomen stripes that are black, white or tan.

Sweat Bee

Halictidae

Are they pollinators?

Yes. Unlike specialist squash bees, sweat bees are generalist pollinators, visiting a wide range of flowering plants.


Do they sting?

Female sweat bees can sting, but they are not aggressive. The best way to avoid being stung is to leave them alone.

Sweat bees are also very small bees attracted to small flowers. They have come to be known by the common name of "sweat bee" because they are attracted to human perspiration. They range in color from black to metallic blues and greens, with copper and blue overtones. Some have stripes on their abdomens. They can be difficult to see due to their small size and high speed. They are also excellent pollinators and are active into October and even November.

Hoverflies

Syrphidae

Are they pollinators?

Yes, but they don't always pollinate as efficiently as bees because they don't have body hairs to collect pollen.


Do they sting?

No, hoverflies don't have stingers.

Hoverflies are also called flower flies, and are flies (not bees!) that pollinate flowers. There are more than 6,000 species, including many that mimic the appearance of bees for protection. However, because they are not bees, there is no risk of getting stung. Once you realize the difference between flies and bees and get attuned to looking for hoverflies, you will start to see them everywhere. One key difference is that bees have four wings and flies have two. Another is that hoverflies and bees have very different eye structures. Flies, for instance, have huge eyes on either side of their head. Hoverflies are especially attracted to flowers with sweet-tasting nectar. Some of these include mountain mint, asters and hyssop.

How to get rid of them: 

​

For the most part, it's best to leave bees alone rather than trying to get rid of them. If you see a few bees foraging, it probably means a hive is located somewhere nearby. If a swarm of bees settles on your property, give them some time if possible; they may just be resting while scout bees search for a new home elsewhere. You will rarely need to remove them, but if you do, avoid killing them if at all possible, since many native bee species are already in decline. Try instead to repel them, perhaps spraying the nest at night with a solution of equal parts vinegar and water. Otherwise, try contacting a local beekeeper to help you remove the swarm.

Wasps 

(suborder: Apocrita)

There are more than 100,000 species of wasps, and many resemble bees in appearance. In general, wasps have little hair, bright colors and a very narrow waist (the junction between the thorax and abdomen). Most species have black and yellow color patterns. Unlike bees, wasp legs tend to hang down during flight. They are much more aggressive than bees and far more likely to sting. Also, most wasps provide no pollination services. Here are four common types of wasps:

Yellow Jackets

Vespula or Dolichovespula

Are they pollinators?

Yes, but they don't visit flowers much, instead mainly eating insects. They also don't pick up much pollen since they aren't very fuzzy.


Do they sting?

Yes, and they can be aggressive, especially if they feel like their nest is threatened.

Yellow jackets sometimes can be confused with honeybees. They are about the size of a honeybee, but in contrast to honeybees have yellow or white markings, their bodies are not covered with tan-brown dense hair, and they do not have pollen baskets on their hind legs. Yellow jackets are carnivorous wasp, so they do not eat nectar from flowers and therefore are likely not found in flower or vegetable gardens. You may instead find yellow jackets visiting a picnic in search of meat like hamburgers or hot dogs. In nature, they typically eat other insects like ants.

Yellow jackets can be dangerous for humans because individually they are aggressive, and as a colony they will aggressively defend their nest if you get close. Likewise, unlike the honeybee, yellow jackets have a lance-like stinger with only a small barb that doesn’t remain in its victim so a yellow jacket can sting multiple times in succession. If you have yellow jacket nest in your yard, you may want to get rid of the nest following these steps.

Paper Wasps

Vespidae

Polistesafricanuspaperwasp.jpg.838x0_q80

(Photo: Muhammad Mahdi Karim [GNU FDL 1.2]/Wikimedia Commons)

Are they pollinators?

Yes. Paper wasps capture insects and spiders to feed their larvae, but the adults feed on nectar from a variety of flowers. They tend to collect less pollen than bees do, however, since their bodies are less fuzzy.


Do they sting?

Yes, and they can be aggressive, especially if they feel like their nest is threatened.

Typically, paper wasps have narrow brown bodies with black wings and yellow markings. Paper wasps get their name from the way their build their nests, which are made from their saliva and plant material and have a papery appearance. They like to build nests in protected areas of houses, like windowsills, door frames, and under the overhand of the roof. Like other wasps, if the nest is threatened they will aggressively defend it. Likewise,  their sting is painful and their nests may need to be removed. For the garden, paper wasps are considered beneficial because they are pollinators that feed on nectar and other insects

Potter Wasps

Vespidae

MasonWaspOnYellowFlowers.jpg.838x0_q80.j

(Photo: Alvesgaspar [CC BY-SA 3.0]/Wikimedia Commons)

Are they pollinators?

Yes, although like other wasps, they tend to be less efficient pollinators than bees.


Do they sting?

Yes, but they're less aggressive than some other wasps.

Most potter wasps are black or brown with yellow, white and orange, or patterns in a combination of these colors. They get their name from the way they build their nests, which are small, pot-like structures placed on vines and twigs. Nests are sometimes even found on homes, located in places like bricks or window screens. Like paper wasps, these are beneficial wasps because they pollinate flowers and feed on a variety of caterpillars, which they paralyze with their sting and then feed to their own larvae. Unlike paper wasps, these wasps are not aggressive toward humans. 

Hornets

Vespidae

Are they pollinators?

Yes, hornets provide some pollination. They may not be the most efficient pollinators, but like other wasps, they also provide pest-control services by preying on a variety of insects and other invertebrates.


Do they sting?

Yes, and they can be aggressive, especially if they feel like their nest is threatened.

Hornets are a type of wasp. One way to distinguish hornets from other wasps is that hornets have a thick body and lack the distinctive thin waist generally found in other wasps. They are in the same subfamily as yellow jackets, but are larger and often colored black and white, whereas yellow jackets are black and yellow. European hornets are quite large -- large enough that their stinger is visible. Hornet nests are papery and often located high in trees. These wasps will mobilize the entire nest to defend it if they believe the nest is threatened. Homeowners should be aware these are dangerous insects, and killing even one individual can release pheromones that will alert the nest and may cause more hornets to attack.

All information from this page taken from Oder, 2019.

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